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Samuel Daniel "Shafiishuna" Nujoma (; born 12 May 1929) is a Namibian revolutionary, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served as the first President of Namibia from 1990 to 2005. Nujoma was a founding member and the first president of the South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) in 1960. He played an important role as leader of the national liberation movement in campaigning for Namibia’s independence from South African rule. He established the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) in 1962 and launched a guerrilla war against the apartheid government of South Africa in 1966. Nujoma led SWAPO during the Namibian War of Independence, which lasted from 1966 to 1989. After World War I the League of Nations gave Southwest Africa, formerly a German colony, to the United Kingdom as a mandate under the title of South Africa. When the National Party won the 1948 election in South Africa and subsequently introduced apartheid legislation, these laws also extended into Southwest Africa which was the ''de facto'' fifth province of South Africa. Nujoma was a well known controversial activist and was already involved in anti-colonial politics during the 1950s. In 1959, he traveled to Cape Town, South Africa where he became one of the founders of the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO), a nationalist organization that advocated an independent Namibia; he was named the organization's first president. On December 10, 1958 he was one of the organizers of the Old Location resistance which resulted in the massacre of 12 unarmed persons by the apartheid forces. He was arrested and deported to Ovamboland. The next year he escaped and went into exile. In Namibia's first democratic elections, SWAPO won a majority and Nujoma became the country's first President on March 21, 1990. He was re-elected for two more terms in 1994 and 1999. He stepped down as president on March 21, 2005, and as SWAPO president on November 30, 2007 after serving as leader for 47 years. He published his autobiography, ''Where Others Wavered'', in 2005. Nujoma has received multiple honors and awards for his outstanding leadership qualities including, the Lenin Peace Prize, Indira Gandhi Peace Prize and the Ho Chi Minh Peace Prize. In recognition of his dedication to his selfless sacrifice to the national liberation struggle and nation building, the Parliament of Namibia has bestowed him the title "Founding President of the Republic of Namibia" and "Father of the Namibian Nation". He was also named "Leader of the Namibian Revolution" by the SWAPO Party in 2007. Nujoma is the central figure in the liberation struggle that brought independence to Namibia and he is equally central to the policies and practices that have shaped Namibia since then. ==Early life== Samuel Daniel Nujoma was born at Etunda, a village in Ongandjera, near the town of Okahao, Ovamboland, Southwest Africa on 12 May 1929. Nujoma was born to Helvi Mpingana Kondombolo (1898–2008) and Daniel Uutoni Nujoma (1896-1968). He is the eldest of his parents' eleven children. He spent much of his early childhood looking after his siblings and tending to the family's cattle and traditional farming activities. His educational opportunities were limited. He started attending a Finnish missionary school at Okahao when he was ten and completed Standard Six, which was as high as was possible for blacks during the time. In 1946, at age 17, he moved to Walvis Bay live with his aunt, where he began his first employment at a general store for a monthly salary of 10 Shillings. He would later also work at a whaling station. While there he was exposed to world politics by meeting soldiers from Argentina, Norway and other parts of Europe who had come during World War II. In 1949, Nujoma moved to Windhoek where he started work as a cleaner for the South African Railways (SAR), while attending adult night school at St Barnabas Anglican Church School in the Windhoek Old Location, mainly with the aim of improving his English. He further studied for his Junior Certificate through correspondence at the Trans‐Africa Correspondence College in South Africa. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sam Nujoma」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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